Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo directo y indirecto)
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.
Direct Speech (El estilo directo)
Cuando queremos informar exactamente de lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas ("...") y deberá ser palabra por palabra.
- Ejemplos:
-
"I am going to London next week," she said. ("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)
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"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme," él preguntó.)
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Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
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Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")
Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto)
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes un explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
| Estilo Directo | Estilo indirecto |
| Present Simple | Pasado Simple |
|
"He's American," she said. |
She said he was American. |
|
"I'm happy to see you," Mary said. |
Mary said that she was happy to see me. |
|
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" |
He asked me if I was busy tonight. |
| Presente Progresivo o Continuo | Pasado Progresivo o Continuo |
|
Dan is living in San Francisco," she said. |
She said Dan was living in San Francisco. |
|
He said, "I'm making dinner." |
He told me that he was making dinner. |
|
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked. |
They asked me why I was working so hard. |
| Pasado Simple | Pasado Perfecto |
|
"We went to the movies last night," he said. |
He told me they had gone to the movies last night. |
|
"Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday." |
Greg said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday. |
|
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked. |
She asked me if I had bought a new car. |
| Pasado Progresivo o Continuo | Pasado Perfecto Progresivo o Continuo |
|
"I was working late last night," Vicki said. |
Vicki told me she'd been working last night. |
|
They said, "we weren't waiting long." |
They said that they hadn't been waitinglong. |
|
" He asked, "were you sleeping when I called?" |
He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called. |
| Presente Perfecto | Pasado Perfecto |
|
"Heather said, "I've already eaten." |
Heather told me that she'd already eaten. |
|
"We haven't been to China," they said. |
They said they hadn't been to China. |
|
"Have you worked here before?" I asked. |
I asked her whether she'd worked there before. |
| Presente Perfecto Progresivo o Continuo | Pasado Perfecto Continuo |
|
"I've been studying English for two years,"he said. |
He said he'd been studying English for two years. |
|
" Steve said, "we've been dating for over a year now." |
Steve told me that they'd been dating for over a year. |
|
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked. |
They asked whether I'd been waiting long. |
| Pasado Perfecto | Pasado Perfecto (*NO CAMBIA) |
|
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said. |
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work. |
| Pasado Perfecto Progresivo o Continuo | Pasado Perfecto Progresivo o Continuo (*NO CAMBIA) |
|
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the accident." |
She said she'd been dancing for years before the accident. |
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todavía es verdad) o que es en el futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
- Ejemplos:
-
"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old.
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Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick.
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"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. → They said they are going to Tokyo next week.
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"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales)
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
| Estilo Directo | Estilo Indirecto |
| Will | Would |
|
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," John said. |
John said he would go to the movies tomorrow. |
|
"Will you help me move?" she asked. |
She asked me if I would help her move. |
| Can | Could |
|
Debra said, "Allen can work tomorrow." |
Debra said Allen could worktomorrow. |
|
"Can you open the window, please?", he asked. |
He asked me if I could open the window. |
| Must | Had to |
|
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said. |
My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt. |
|
She said, "You must work tomorrow." |
She said I had to work tomorrow. |
| Shall | Should |
|
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tom asked. |
Tom asked if we should go to the beach today. |
|
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked. |
She asked me what we should dotonight. |
| May | Might/Could |
|
Jane said, "I may not be in class tomorrow." |
Jane said she might not be in class tomorrow. |
|
the boy asked. "May I use the bathroom, please?"the boy asked. |
The boy asked if he could use the bathroom. |
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia.
Adaptado de: https://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/reported.php